The Sleep Advisor review team consists of mattress experts who test beds and other sleep-related products in person at our studio. We follow a rigorous product review process to give you informed, unbiased suggestions.
In This Article
I’ve collected the best beds for back pain based on our in-person testing. We looked for three key ingredients from each mattress: support, medium firmness, and pressure relief.
If you have back pain, you know that it can disrupt your daily activities as well as your nightly sleep. Your doctor should always be your first stop when you’re experiencing these symptoms—but your mattress may be a bigger part of the problem than you realize.
“Your mattress can either make your back pain worse or help ease it,” said Dr. Raj Dasgupta, a quadruple board-certified physician and Sleep Advisor Chief Medical Officer. According to him, there are multiple aspects to look for in a new bed if you’re seeking relief for an achy back.
My colleagues and I chose the best mattresses for back pain based on these factors, as well as the different kinds of back pain you might experience. Having tested these mattresses in person, we can speak directly to how they supported and pampered our spines.
Back Sleepers, Hot Sleepers, Back Pain, Stomach Sleepers
Back Sleepers, Hot Sleepers, Seniors
Back Pain, Hip Pain, Stomach Sleepers, Side Sleepers, Back Sleepers, Seniors
Back Sleepers, Stomach Sleepers, Back Pain, Hot Sleepers, Side Sleepers, Hip Pain, Seniors
Hot Sleepers, Back Sleepers, Side Sleepers
Back Sleepers, Stomach Sleepers, Hot Sleepers, Hip Pain, Seniors
Couples, Back Sleepers, Hip Pain
Stomach Sleepers, Back Pain, Seniors
Back Sleepers, Stomach Sleepers, Back Pain, Hip Pain, Seniors
Advice from a Medical Expert
“To ease back pain, go for a mattress that keeps your spine aligned (medium-firm to firm usually does the trick). If it’s too soft, your spine might sink too much, putting extra strain on your lower back. But if it’s firm enough to keep your spine aligned, it can actually reduce pressure and discomfort.”
– Dr. Raj Dasgupta
What We Want to See in a Mattress for Back Pain
Support for Spinal Alignment
Perhaps the most important thing we want to see in a bed for back pain is support. Consistent, even support leads to neutral spinal alignment—that is, your spine being arranged in a relatively straight line, with no odd dips or unnatural curves.
Because support is so crucial to combating back pain, we weighted it very heavily for this roundup. Every mattress on the list below received a perfect 5 out of 5 rating from the testing team in this category.
Medium-Firm to Firm Feel
As Dr. Raj mentioned above, a medium-firm to firm mattress is best for someone with back pain. If your mattress is too plush, you risk your spine sinking out of alignment.
His advice is supported by a 2021 review of 39 articles and studies, which concluded that medium-firm beds both improved sleep quality for people with lower back pain and reduced the risk of low back pain developing.1
Therefore, all of the beds we chose for this list have a firmness score of at least 5 out of 10 (which is the softer side of medium-firm), and most are firmer than that.
Enough Pressure Relief for Comfort
Of course, if a mattress is only firm and supportive, you might as well be sleeping on a big brick. When your back is in pain, you want some degree of cushioning so that your sleep space feels cozy. Without pressure relief, you might even exacerbate existing pain as pressure builds up around stressed areas.
All of the beds on this list received at least a 4 out of 5 from our testers in the pressure relief category. Some feel softer than others, so whether you enjoy a buoyant, bouncy bed or you want to be cradled by pillowy foams, you’ll find options below.
We rate each mattress on a scale from 1 to 5 to reflect its overall quality. This number is comprised of individual scores from hands-on testing of materials, firmness, pressure relief, motion transfer, cooling, responsiveness, and more.
4.1
Helix
Helix Midnight Mattress
Well-Balanced Hybrid
Affordably Priced
Isolates Motion
Hybrid
100 nights
Free shipping minus AK and HI
Black Friday Sale
Use code BF25 and save 25% off sitewide + 2 free pillows with mattress purchase See Details
A cushioned medium-firm. On our firmness scale, it’s a 6 out of 10.
Size
Twin, twin XL, queen, king, California king, short queen, RV king
Side Sleepers
With pressure-relieving foams up top to cradle the hips and shoulders, this bed was designed for side sleepers.
Hot Sleepers
This bed barely got warmer after multiple minutes of our testers lying on top of it.
Those with Back Pain
A medium-firm feel with lots of support means that this mattress may help with back pain.
Pros of the Helix Midnight
It has a lovely balance of pressure relief to support, earning a 5 out of 5 from our testers in both categories
Surprisingly, it isolates motion so well that we gave it a perfect score in this category, too
We found that it stays quite cool over time
Cons of the Helix Midnight
Stomach sleepers, especially heavyweight ones, probably need more support than this bed can offer
People who spread out when they sleep may not appreciate the Midnight’s poor edge support, which pales in comparison to the Saatva Classic‘s
Shipping
Free shipping
Trial Period
100 nights
Warranty
10-year warranty
Returns
Free returns
The Advisor Says: The Midnight has one of the most impressive score spreads of all the mattresses we’ve reviewed. The best word to describe it is “balanced”: it’s got pressure relief, support, and cooling power in spades, plus a versatile medium-firm feel that tends to satisfy lots of sleepers.
Support – 5
Pressure Relief – 5
Why It’s Great for Back Pain
The Helix Midnight tops this list because it delivers support and pressure relief in near-perfect harmony. The testing team awarded it perfect 5 out of 5 scores in both of these categories, noting that the bed kept their spines aligned on their backs and sides in particular. Our pressure map test also showed blue and green across the board, signaling no problem areas where pressure might build up.
Combine these stats with an ideal medium firmness level (6 out of 10 on our scale), and you’ve got a bed that feels like it’s made to fight back pain.
Testing Studio Soundbite
“Testers’ spines appeared to be straight from the base of the neck to the tailbone. When lying on our backs, we felt aligned … There is definitely a sense of overall support.”
Helix Responsive Foam. There are two layers of the brand’s proprietary responsive foam inside this bed, and we think they make a big difference when it comes to addressing back pain.
Rather than sinking in slowly, like memory foam, these layers compress and bounce back fast. They provide a medium-firm feel, and were designed to encourage body alignment along with the innerspring unit underneath them.
Customer Reviews of the Helix Midnight
The Helix Midnight has over 6,500 reviews on Helix’s website, scoring at 4.5 out of 5. Some negative reviews mention feeling a dip in the middle of the bed when it’s shared with a partner. But overall, most users say they’re getting a great nights’ sleep along with some pain relief.
Nectar Hybrid – Best Mattress for Couples with Back Pain
Spine Alignment Plus Motion Isolation
Sleep Advisor Score
We rate each mattress on a scale from 1 to 5 to reflect its overall quality. This number is comprised of individual scores from hands-on testing of materials, firmness, pressure relief, motion transfer, cooling, responsiveness, and more.
4.1
Nectar
Nectar Classic Hybrid
Well-Balanced Hybrid
Great for Couples
Hybrid
365 nights
Free shipping minus AK and HI
Black Friday Sale
Up to 50% off mattresses + spend $1,000 and save $100 See Details
Medium-firm. We found this bed ranked at a 6 out of 10 on our firmness scale.
Size
Twin, twin XL, full, queen, king, California king, split king
Couples
With high scores in motion isolation and edge support, we think this bed should work well for restless couples who want to make full use of the bed’s surface.
Hot Sleepers
We observed some temperature reduction (albeit after an initial increase) during the Nectar Hybrid’s cooling tests, so it should work for hot sleepers.
Back Sleepers
Our testers enjoyed this bed the most when laying on their backs.
Pros of the Nectar Classic Hybrid
This hybrid balances both pressure relief and support for an overall well-rounded, medium-firm feel
Even though it has springs, the Nectar Classic Hybrid absorbs motion well due to the soft foams on top
This bed is a nice budget option if you’re looking for a quality hybrid, especially when you factor in sales and discounts
Cons of the Nectar Classic Hybrid
This bed surprisingly didn’t have much bounce, which can be a detriment to combination sleepers, who need ease of movement
During testing, we thought the bed was a bit too firm to feel fully comfortable for side sleepers
Shipping
Free shipping, except for Alaska and Hawaii ($99)
Trial
365 nights
Warranty
Lifetime warranty
Returns
Full refund within trial period
The Advisor Says: This is the hybrid version of Nectar’s flagship mattress, and unexpectedly, it feels a bit softer than its all-foam counterpart! We recommend it for back sleepers, restless couples, and anyone looking for an affordable mattress with generous policies.
Support – 5
Pressure Relief – 4.5
Why It’s Great for Couples with Back Pain
Mattresses that help with back pain often sacrifice motion isolation in their pursuit of a supportive, springy profile. But not the Nectar Hybrid—this bed preserves the motion-absorbing skills of its predecessor (the all-foam Nectar mattress) while adding coils.
The result is a bed that can still address back pain while allowing couples to sleep soundly. Thanks to how it dampens motion, “you could sleep through an earthquake on this thing,” said Stuart, who tested the bed.
Our Favorite Feature
Infinity innerspring coils. The springs are what give the Nectar Hybrid most of its spine-aligning properties. In fact, we chose this model over pricier Nectar Hybrids because it has fewer foam layers between the top and the innerspring unit, upping its support score (and your chances of relief from back pain).
The coils also shore up the edges of the bed quite nicely, earning it a 5 out of 5 in the edge support category. This is another big plus for couples who want to stretch out during the night without feeling like they might slide off the sides.
Testing Studio Soundbite
“I felt decently cradled on the top of the bed without feeling like I was sinking or becoming too stuck … This mattress does a really great job melting to my pressure points around my shoulders, and my hips, and my lower back.”
On Nectar’s website, this mattress scored a 4.5 out of 5 stars, from over 2,000 reviews. The Nectar Hybrid mattress is favored by customers for its affordability and pressure relief. On the flip side, some customers complained about the off-gassing odors upon unboxing.
DreamCloud – Best Mattress for Stomach Sleepers with Back Pain
Flat, Firm Surface with Strong Springs
Sleep Advisor Score
We rate each mattress on a scale from 1 to 5 to reflect its overall quality. This number is comprised of individual scores from hands-on testing of materials, firmness, pressure relief, motion transfer, cooling, responsiveness, and more.
4.5
DreamCloud
DreamCloud Original Mattress
Affordable Hybrid
Medium-Firm Feel
Cashmere Blend Cover
Hybrid
365 nights
Free shipping minus HI and AK
Black Friday Sale
Up to 50% off mattresses + spend $1,000 and save $100 See Details
Its edge support received a 3 out of 5 from our testers, who weren’t blown away by the strength of its perimeter.
Shipping
Free shipping within the contiguous United States
Trial Period
365 nights
Warranty
Lifetime warranty
Returns
Free returns
The Advisor Says: The DreamCloud is a pleasantly supportive hybrid that really appealed to the stomach sleepers on our testing team (though it proved itself capable of aligning spines in every position). Its affordable price and couple-friendly features have made it a mainstay of the bed-in-a-box scene.
Support – 5
Pressure Relief – 4
Why It’s Great for Stomach Sleepers with Back Pain
Speaking as a stomach sleeper myself, the DreamCloud is one of my all-time favorite beds. During testing, it kept my pelvis lifted enough to prevent an uncomfortable curvature in my lower back—the very issue that can cause back pain with this sleeping position.
Actually, I felt supported in every position I tried on top of this mattress. I even prefer it to its upgraded siblings, which pad out the top with more comfort layers. That’s all well and good if you need more cushion, but I think that the average sleeper’s spine may be best served by this base model.
Our Favorite Feature
Supportive Quilted Foam. Underneath the DreamCloud’s cashmere blend cover, there are two layers of quilted foam: a soft one followed by a supportive one. That means that this hybrid is pushing for spinal alignment even in its uppermost layers.
Testing Studio Soundbite
“This bed is medium-firm, falling about a 6.5/10. So when it comes to spine alignment, you best believe it’s going to keep you from sinking into weird angles and enter the danger zone of back pain.”
The DreamCloud Original scores a solid 4.6 out of 5 stars among 8,000 reviews on its site. While some customers appreciate the value and affordability of the DreamCloud Original mattress, others find it to be on the heavier side, which could make moving or rotating the mattress more challenging.
We rate each mattress on a scale from 1 to 5 to reflect its overall quality. This number is comprised of individual scores from hands-on testing of materials, firmness, pressure relief, motion transfer, cooling, responsiveness, and more.
Medium. We rated this bed at a 6 out of 10 on our firmness scale.
Size
Twin, twin XL, full, queen, California king, split king
Back Pain
The Saatva Rx was specifically designed for sleepers with chronic back pain concerns.
Luxury Shoppers
This is a lofty, luxurious bed that should appeal to high-end shoppers.
Most Positions
We found the Saatva Rx’s medium feel accommodated most sleeping positions, and we were able to switch between them easily.
Pros of the Saatva Rx
This bed has multiple coil units (one miniature layer and a standard individually wrapped layer) for double the bounce
The Rx’s zoned foam and foam-topped coils provides a support system that should coax your spine into its proper alignment
This bed is built to last with a sturdy, supportive construction
Cons of the Saatva Rx
As a luxury mattress, this bed starts out at nearly $2,000 for a twin; not exactly the best budget option
We thought the motion absorption on this bed was just okay, which may be a drawback for couples
Shipping
Free white glove delivery
Trial
365 nights
Warranty
Lifetime warranty
Returns
Flat return fee ($99)
The Advisor Says: The Saatva Rx was built for folks with chronic pain concerns. We think its support and pressure relief should provide soothing comfort. It should work for just about anyone who’s been let down by their mattress and wants to upgrade to a luxurious, sturdy bed with a well-balanced feel.
Support – 5
Pressure Relief – 4
Why It’s Great for Upper Back Pain
The Saatva Rx was built specifically to combat both back and joint pain. Its design places more emphasis on pressure relief than some of the other beds on this list, so we think it’s especially suited to sleepers who feel sore in the upper portion of their backs.
Moreso than the lower spine, which typically needs lots of lift and firmness, the upper back and shoulders need some cushioning between them and a bed’s support system. We loved how this bed zeroed in our sensitive spots, cradling our upper bodies while keeping our spines straight and aligned.
Our Favorite Feature
Rx Foam Modules™. Every single spring inside the Saatva Rx is wearing its own “hat”: a foam module that stands 2 inches tall. Because the coils are topped with these individual pieces of foam, no matter where you lie on the bed, you feel simultaneously cushioned and lifted. All of our testers loved this aspect.
Testing Studio Soundbite
“The height, at first glance, insinuates a lot of cushiony layers. But turns out, it’s housing all those sturdy, wide pocketed coils. It feels squishy, supportive, and not too firm at all.”
Julia Forbes, Mattress Tester
Customer Reviews of the Saatva Rx
Customers on Saatva’s website have awarded the Saatva Rx 4.8 out of 5 stars on average.The bed has around 50 reviews, praising the bed for helping with chronic back and neck pain, with only a few mentioning drawbacks such as lackluster edges.
We rate each mattress on a scale from 1 to 5 to reflect its overall quality. This number is comprised of individual scores from hands-on testing of materials, firmness, pressure relief, motion transfer, cooling, responsiveness, and more.
Multiple firmness options (Softer, Luxury Firm, Firmer, and Plus). We tested the Luxury Firm and placed it at a 6 out of 10 on our scale, which is comfortably medium-firm.
Size
Twin, twin XL, full, queen, king, California king
Combination Sleepers
Its springiness makes it easy to change your sleeping position, and it adapts well to each one.
Hot Sleepers
Gel-infused foams, airflow around the coils, and a breathable cover earned the WinkBed a high cooling score.
Spine Alignment
Its zoned coils and “LumbarLayer™” of foam help to keep the lower back supported and aligned with the rest of the spine.
WinkBed Pros
There are four firmness options available for this bed, including one designed specifically for plus-size sleepers
It’s so springy that it feels like it’s helping you to move around on top of it
The zoned support was really noticeable during testing, and helped to keep our lumbar regions lifted
WinkBed Cons
Its motion isolation isn’t the greatest, so if you’re a restless sleeper who shares a bed, look elsewhere
It has a classic hybrid feel that keeps you on top of the mattress, rather than sinking in; if you want more of a hug from your bed, browse the best soft mattresses
Shipping
Free within the contiguous United States
Trial Period
120 nights
Warranty
Lifetime warranty
Returns
Free returns
The Advisor Says: Our testers often compare the WinkBed to a luxury hotel mattress, which is no surprise given its handcrafted touches and elegant hybrid design. It’s also one of the most customizable beds out there, with a firmness level for every body type.
Support – 5
Pressure Relief – 4
Note: We tested the Luxury Firm version of the WinkBed, but there are three other firmness options: Soft, Firm and Plus.
Why It’s Great for Middle Back Pain
If your pain is located in the middle of your back, a mattress that distributes your weight evenly is essential. Otherwise, a buildup of pressure can occur in a localized area and worsen or even spread the pain.
Across the board, our testers praised the WinkBed for how it kept them lifted and level. Its zoned support system provides the right amount of cushioning or resistance beneath different areas, and its responsiveness makes it “one of the best mattresses for combo sleepers,” according to Loren.
Our Favorite Feature
Zoned innerspring unit. During testing, we felt like the zones of the WinkBed’s coil unit did a fantastic job of keeping us aligned in different positions. No matter which way we turned, we were buoyed in all the right places. These coils also give the mattress a “luxury hotel bed” feel, said Loren.
Testing Studio Soundbite
“I scored the WinkBed high in pain relief. The pressure-relieving foams and zoned support work to keep your body weight evenly distributed, and the built-in lumbar support helps to prevent back pain.”
Loren Bullock, Former Lead Product Tester
Customer Reviews of the WinkBed
On the WinkBeds site, the WinkBed has over 8,500 reviews and a score of 4.8 out of 5 stars. One drawback of the WinkBed mattress is that it might be too expensive for budget-conscious shoppers, but overall it offers excellent durability and customizable firmness options.
We rate each mattress on a scale from 1 to 5 to reflect its overall quality. This number is comprised of individual scores from hands-on testing of materials, firmness, pressure relief, motion transfer, cooling, responsiveness, and more.
4.4
Nolah
Nolah Evolution Comfort+
Soft
Luxury
Plus-Size Friendly
Hybrid
120 nights
Free shipping minus AK and HI
Black Friday Sale
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Medium. We rated this bed a 5 out of 10, which is on the softer end of the medium spectrum.
Size
Twin, twin XL, full, queen, king, split king, California king
Heavyweight Sleepers
The “+” in “Comfort+” signals the bed’s intent to cater to plus-sized sleepers, which we believe it does.
Back Pain
The bed’s combination of pressure relief and support creates a comfortable surface that caters to back pain.
Luxury Shoppers
The Comfort+ is Nolah’s most luxurious model and should appeal to shoppers with a higher budget.
Pros of the Nolah Evolution Comfort+
During testing, we found that the Nolah Evolution Comfort+ worked for all sleeping positions
We also found that the bed was comfortable not only for heavyweight folks, but our average- and lightweight testers too
The soft foams on top absorb motion and keep it from traveling across the surface
Cons of the Nolah Evolution Comfort+
This bed isn’t exactly cheap, so it may not work for budget shoppers
The Evolution Comfort+ holds onto heat, but the regular Nolah Evolution Hybrid is a cooler mattress
Shipping
Free shipping (only in contiguous United States, no Alaska or Hawaii)
Trial
120 nights
Warranty
Lifetime warranty
Returns
Flat return fee ($99)
The Advisor Says: The Nolah Evolution Comfort+ was made to please plus-size sleepers, but it’s a fan-favorite among our testers, regardless of size. Its perfect scores in pressure relief and support and medium feel should work for a variety of folks looking for a comfy luxury bed.
Support – 5
Pressure Relief – 5
Why It’s a Great Soft Mattress for Back Pain
You typically don’t want a mattress that’s too soft if you’re dealing with back pain. But the Nolah Evolution Comfort+ is a rare breed of bed: it has a lovely amount of plushness to its upper layers, followed by a super-supportive and zoned coil unit.
My fellow testers and I were surprised to feel this much softness coupled with enough lift for our lower backs and midsections. Though the bed was designed for heavier people, I’m pretty sure it’ll work for just about anyone.
Our Favorite Feature
Cooling AirFoam™ HD. Nolah’s proprietary AirFoam™ allegedly cools better, lasts longer, and relieves more pressure than traditional memory foams. What’s more, the “HD” version of this material inside the Evolution Comfort+ is even denser than the AirFoam™ in other Nolah beds, an adjustment geared toward spine alignment and support.
Testing Studio Soundbite
“It’s a very inviting, soft sleep surface that doesn’t nix support. I feel plenty of lift around my midsection in any position I flip to, which is pretty unheard of for softer mattresses.”
Julia Forbes, Mattress Tester
Customer Reviews of the Nolah Evolution Comfort+
The Nolah Evolution Comfort+ rates 4.8 stars out of 5 on Nolah’s website. Some customers have mentioned how the Comfort+ gives them some cradling while remaining supportive, with several people praising this bed for alleviating their back pain.
We rate each mattress on a scale from 1 to 5 to reflect its overall quality. This number is comprised of individual scores from hands-on testing of materials, firmness, pressure relief, motion transfer, cooling, responsiveness, and more.
4.3
Bear
Bear Elite Hybrid Mattress
Phase Change Material
Zoned Support
Multiple Firmnesses
Hybrid
120 nights
Free shipping minus HI and AK
Black Friday Sale
Use code BLACK35 for 35% off sitewide + 2 free pillows with mattress purchase See Details
Multiple firmness options (Soft, Medium, or Firm). We tested the Medium version and placed it at a 6 out of 10 on our scale, which means it’s medium-firm with some cushion.
Size
Twin, twin XL, full, queen, king, California king, split king
Back Sleepers
The lumbar support on this bed felt fantastic under our lower backs.
Bounce Fans
This is an extraordinarily responsive bed with a 5 out of 5 testing score in the bounce category.
Couples
Strong edge support, above-average cooling, and decent motion isolation make it a good pick for couples.
Bear Elite Hybrid Pros
You’ll have three firmness options to choose from
We got some real air while jumping on this bed, and never felt restricted by or stuck in its upper foam layers when moving around
The zoned coils gave our lower backs noticeable support and kept our spines aligned
Bear Elite Hybrid Cons
There was some pressure buildup around the shoulders while resting on our sides; the best mattresses for pressure relief list will have better recommendations for people with shoulder pain.
The motion isolation is pretty good for a hybrid, but it’s still not amazing
Shipping
Free inside the contiguous United States
Trial Period
120 nights
Warranty
Lifetime warranty
Returns
Free returns
The Advisor Says: This is a memorably bouncy and supportive hybrid with state-of-the-art cooling elements. It had a delightful balance of cushion and lift for back and stomach sleeping in particular.
Support – 5
Pressure Relief – 4
Note: We tested the Medium version of this bed, but it’s also available in Soft and Firm models.
Why It’s Great for Lower Back Pain
All three of the testers who interacted with this bed pointed out how well it treated their lower backs. I thought the lift for my lower back was great, and I’m an average-weight sleeper who typically lies on her stomach.
Spencer agreed, commenting that he felt well-lifted across all positions—a rarity for plus-sized folks. Loren, our resident lightweight tester, was of the same opinion, saying she was pleased that there was “no excess sinking or sagging.”
Our Favorite Feature
Higher gauge coils in the lumbar zone. The innerspring unit inside the Bear Elite Hybrid is split into zones. The zone beneath the lumbar spine is full of coils with a higher gauge, grouped more tightly together. The net effect is that this region receives more of the pushback and support it needs to prevent lower back pain.
Testing Studio Soundbite
“There was full-body support, but also cushioning. There were no gaps between the mattress and my low back, which is rare for me.”
Loren Bullock, Former Lead Product Tester
Customer Reviews of the Bear Elite Hybrid
According to Bear’s website, where the Bear Elite has over 3,700 reviews, the mattress scores 4.6 out of 5 stars. Some customers find the Bear Elite Hybrid mattress too firm for their liking, but it receives praise in its reviews for its advanced cooling technology and pressure relief.
We rate each mattress on a scale from 1 to 5 to reflect its overall quality. This number is comprised of individual scores from hands-on testing of materials, firmness, pressure relief, motion transfer, cooling, responsiveness, and more.
4.0
Brooklyn Bedding
Brooklyn Bedding Signature Hybrid Mattress
Plush Hybrid
Cooling and Springy
Multiple Firmnesses
Hybrid
120 nights
Free shipping minus HI and AK
Black Friday Sale
Use code BFRIDAY30 for 30% off sitewide See Details
Multiple firmness options (Soft, Medium, and Firm). We tested the Medium and found it skewed soft, around a 5 out of 10 on our firmness scale.
Size
Twin, twin XL, full, short full, queen, short queen, Olympic queen, king, short king, California king, split California king, RV king
Back Sleepers
This bed felt wonderful to our testers when they rested on their backs, with a nice mix of support and pressure relief.
Side Sleepers
The foams on top are plush enough to cradle hips and shoulders.
Hot Sleepers
This bed handily passed our cooling tests with a score of 4.5 out of 5.
Brooklyn Bedding Signature Hybrid Pros
We felt very lifted and yet cushioned by this hybrid, awarding it perfect scores in both support and pressure relief
It’s a very bouncy bed that should encourage rather than hinder movement
For a hybrid of its caliber, this bed is priced extremely affordably
Brooklyn Bedding Signature Hybrid Cons
It’s too soft for stomach sleepers, who will need more support beneath their hips; read up on the best mattresses for stomach sleepers to see other options
The Medium model felt very plush; if you’re looking for a firmer hybrid that’s also pretty customizable, check out the Saatva Classic
Shipping
Free shipping inside the contiguous United States
Trial Period
120 nights
Warranty
10-year warranty
Returns
Free returns
The Advisor Says: For shoppers on a budget, the Brooklyn Bedding Signature Hybrid is one of the top hybrids we recommend. It’s simultaneously soft and bouncy, with three firmness options and decent cooling power.
Support – 5
Pressure Relief – 5
Note: We tested the Medium version of this mattress, but it’s also available with a Soft or Firm feel.
Why It’s a Great Affordable Mattress for Back Pain
Finding the right mattress for your back-pain woes shouldn’t mean straining your budget as well. The Brooklyn Bedding Signature Hybrid is an affordable bed—often priced around $1,000 when discounts are in effect—with the right ingredients for back pain relief. It has a strong support system, pressure-relieving foams, and lots of bounce for quick repositioning.
Our testers experienced “perfectly straight” spinal alignment when lying on this bed, adding that its structure made them feel lifted and lightweight.
Our Favorite Feature
Supreme Response Comfort Foam. This upper foam layer helps with the bed’s superior responsiveness, which one tester called “insane.” Having a bed that assists with movement (instead of making you feel stuck in its layers) can be a big advantage as you find the most comfortable sleeping positions for your back pain.
Testing Studio Soundbite
“It feels wonderful [while I’m on my back]. The cushion around my hips is pushing back ever so slightly with this buoyant feel.”
Julia Forbes, Mattress Tester
Customer Reviews of the Brooklyn Bedding Signature Hybrid
On Brooklyn Bedding’s website, the Brooklyn Signature has over 10,000 reviews and a score of 4.7 out of 5 stars. The Brooklyn Bedding Signature Hybrid mattress receives praise from customers for its versatility with different firmness options, but some have mentioned that it may produce slight noise when bearing weight.
We rate each mattress on a scale from 1 to 5 to reflect its overall quality. This number is comprised of individual scores from hands-on testing of materials, firmness, pressure relief, motion transfer, cooling, responsiveness, and more.
4.0
Brooklyn Bedding
Brooklyn Bedding Plank Firm Mattress
Ultra-Firm
Memory Foam
Flippable
Foam
120 nights
Free shipping minus AK and HI
Black Friday Sale
Use code BFRIDAY30 for 30% off sitewide See Details
Flippable with two possible firmnesses, both on the firmer side. The firm side ranked a 7 out of 10, and the extra-firm side ranked 8.5 out of 10.
Size
Twin, twin XL, full, short full, queen, short queen, Olympic queen, king, short king, California king, split California king, RV king
Stomach Sleepers
Stomach sleepers need a firm surface to keep their hips supported, and the Plank Firm succeeds at just that.
Heavyweight Sleepers
Sleepers over 230 pounds should feel aloft on the Plank Firm’s firm surface.
Couples
Since it earned decent marks in edge support, cooling, bounce, and motion isolation, we think the Plank Firm is a good fit for couples.
Pros for the Plank Firm
This mattress is flippable, so you don’t have to compromise between a traditional firm feel and a sleeping-on-the-floor feel
The Plank Firm is supportive enough for both stomach sleepers and folks over 230 pounds
Spinal alignment felt wonderful on this mattress
Cons for the Plank Firm
The Plank Firm is truly firm, so check out our picks for the best medium-firm mattresses if that’s more your jam
This bed might not provide the necessary pressure relief for some sleepers
Shipping
Free shipping in contiguous United States ($125 for Alaska and Hawaii, $250 for Canada)
Trial Period
120 nights
Warranty
10-year warranty
Returns
Flat return fee ($99)
The Advisor Says: We’re constantly calling this mattress one of the firmest in the online market, and if you don’t believe us, try it for yourself! It offers both a classic firm and extra-firm feel in its flippable design, alongside posture-aligning support. Bonus points for good marks in performance for cooling, bounce, and couples.
Support – 5
Pressure Relief – 3.5
Why It’s a Great Firm Mattress for Back Pain
If you’re coping with back pain and prefer a more bracing surface to a pillowy one, the Plank Firm should be up your alley. It’s an exceptionally firm mattress with two sides, one of which is described as “ultra-firm” while the other has a “traditional firm” feel.
The firmer side has no loft to it for a truly floor-like experience, whereas the other side has just a bit of cushion. During testing, all of us preferred the traditional firm side and found the ultra-firm side too floor-like for comfort. But on both sides, there was no denying the solid, ever-present support we felt under our backs.
Our Favorite Feature
High-Density Foam Core. This is the powerhouse layer of the Plank: a 6-inch core of strong, sturdy foam that won’t allow your back to sink even the tiniest bit. You’ll have some buffer between it and your body if you choose to sleep on the traditionally firm side (there’s a layer of TitanFlex™ foam on top), but none at all on the ultra-firm side.
Testing Studio Soundbite
“My lower back is cushioned and the gap between it and the bed is filled in. I could lay like this for awhile.”
Loren Bullock, Former Lead Product Tester
Customer Reviews of the Plank Firm
On Plank’s website, the Plank Firm gets 4.8 out of 5 stars. Customers left a little over 3,000 reviews, appreciating the Brooklyn Bedding Plank Firm mattress for its exceptional firmness, but some have found it to be too rigid for their comfort preferences.
Titan Plus – Best Mattress for Heavy People with Back Pain
Robust Support for Larger Bodies
Sleep Advisor Score
We rate each mattress on a scale from 1 to 5 to reflect its overall quality. This number is comprised of individual scores from hands-on testing of materials, firmness, pressure relief, motion transfer, cooling, responsiveness, and more.
4.3
Brooklyn Bedding
Titan Plus
Plus-Size Friendly
Good for Couples
Firm
Hybrid
120 nights
Free shipping minus AK and HI
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Firm. Coming in at an 7 out of 10 on our scale, this is a truly firm bed.
Size
Twin, twin XL, full, queen, short queen, king, California king, split king, RV king
Heavyweight Sleepers
The Titan Plus was made with plus-size sleepers in mind, so it’s no surprise that this bed is a fit for them.
Firm Mattress Fans
Don’t buy this bed expecting it to be medium-firm–it’s truly firm.
Hot Sleepers
The Titan’s hybrid construction lends itself well to breathability, keeping it cool at the mattress surface.
Pros of the Titan Plus
The Titan Plus has a weight capacity that goes up to 1,000 pounds, and it has the construction to comfortably support that weight
Despite its firmness, this mattress has a balanced feel of pressure relief and support
We were able to sit and lay at the edges while feeling secure
Cons of the Titan Plus
Unfortunately, the Titan Plus won’t work well for lighter sleepers
As we’ve tried to drive home, this bed is super firm, so make sure you’re not partial to a medium-firm or soft mattress
Shipping
Free shipping in contiguous United States ($125 for Alaska and Hawaii, $250 for Canada)
Trial
120 nights
Warranty
10-year warranty
Returns
Flat return fee ($99)
The Advisor Says: Brooklyn Bedding created the Titan Plus to cater to heavier shoppers looking for a bed that truly met their needs, and we believe they’ve delivered. Consider buying the Titan Plus if you’re looking for a comfortably supportive mattress with added benefits like cooling and bounce.
Support – 5
Pressure Relief – 4
Why It’s Great for Heavy People with Back Pain
Plus-size sleepers need many of the same qualities from a mattress as someone with back pain. Even, reliable support is most important—dips and sagging can spell lots of discomfort. So, if you have a larger frame as well as back problems, you’ll want to consider this factor first and foremost.
Luckily, the Titan Plus was designed to comfortably support up to 1,000 pounds, and its firm feel caters to heavier people. Our heavyweight tester, Spencer, was very taken with this bed, calling it “very, very comfortable.” The lightweight and average-weight testers agreed that it provided “great lift and full-body support.”
Our Favorite Feature
TitanCore Coils. Taking up 8 inches of the bed’s height, these coils are the key player in its ability to support up to 1,000 pounds. Brooklyn Bedding says that they design the innerspring units in-house with an emphasis on strength and durability.
Testing Studio Soundbite
“My lower back especially is supported, and I’m not feeling any sinkage. I may be taking this bed home, it’s so comfortable.”
Users on Titan by Brooklyn Bedding’s site have given the Titan Plus a 4.7 out of 5 stars. There are over 2,500 reviews where most customers find the Titan Plus mattress to offer exceptional durability and support, but some mention that it might be too firm for those who prefer a softer feel.
While these mattresses didn’t make our list, each of these bonus beds are great fits for sleepers with back pain looking for that extra relief. Check out our featured recommendations below.
My fellow mattress testers and I spend our days assessing beds in person at Sleep Advisor’s studio. We grade them on a variety of general performance factors, but for this roundup, we paid special attention to the criteria that matter most for soothing sore backs.
As an average-weight stomach sleeper, I can only speak to how a mattress felt for my body type. So, I test beds alongside petite and plus-sized folks, too.
We also reached out to Dr. Raj Dasgupta, a physician and sleep medicine expert who helped us clarify how exactly a mattress can address (and potentially relieve) back pain.
A lot of things go into a quality mattress, and the best mattresses for back pain have even more particular features to consider. Below, we’ve outlined the most important factors when you’re looking for a bed to alleviate your back pain.
Support & Pressure Relief
Loren tests the Brooklyn Bedding Signature Hybrid’s support
A good mattress for back pain will balance both pressure relief and support in a soothing combination. You don’t want to sink too far into your mattress, yet you need cradling around sensitive areas like the hips and shoulders (especially if you prefer to sleep on your side, as these areas experience a lot of pressure buildup).
This combination also works to ensure that your spine remains in the proper alignment. A misaligned spine is a common cause of back pain, especially in the lumbar area. It can also exacerbate pre-existing back issues, whether they’re acute or chronic.²
What Does an Aligned Spine Look Like?
When aligned, your spine should be relatively straight, regardless of your sleeping position. You’ll need a bed that doesn’t allow you to sink too far or feel too unyielding. Otherwise, it will put undue stress on your back.
The degree of alignment is mostly determined by the bed’s support unit, which can be made up of coils, foam, or even latex. We recommend hybrid models for the best balance of pressure relief and support.
How do we test for pressure relief and support?
When we say a mattress relieves pressure, we aren’t just sharing a personal opinion. We actually use a pressure map to record where pressure is building up. Everything is color-coded: red means more pressure, and blue means less.
For support, it’s a little less technical. We have all of our testers lay on the bed on their back, side, and stomach. Then, we judge how much we sink into the mattress, and whether our spines look and feel aligned.
Firmness
A quick search might yield the claim that firm beds are best for back pain, but it really isn’t as simple as that. The best mattress firmness for back pain depends on your body type and sleeping preferences, and a bed that’s too soft or too firm can cause problems.
A medium to medium-firm bed (between a 5 and 7 out of 10 on our firmness scale) is typically best for most sleepers with back pain. It should have the right amount of lift while still providing some cushion.
However, your experience of firmness can change depending on how much you weigh: lightweight folks tend to find beds firmer than most, and heavyweight sleepers may find them too soft. It’s important to find out how firmness feels for you, then find the right firmness for you.
What Else Should You Think About As You Shop for a Bed for Back Pain?
There are plenty of other criteria you’ll want to consider when picking out a new bed. Whether you have back pain or not, you’ll want to think about the following elements and how they affect your comfort.
Sleeping Position
Your sleeping position determines what kind of mattress you should choose, as different positions require different features.
It’s also important to take your weight into consideration, since it can affect how you perceive firmness: petite sleepers may prefer a softer bed, while plus-size sleepers may want a firmer bed.
Side Sleepers
For side sleepers, pressure relief reigns supreme. These sleepers have their hips and shoulders digging into the mattress, and need a softer surface to cushion these areas.
But it’s also important that the bed shouldn’t be so soft that their spine slips out of alignment—a potential cause of back pain. Foam beds with strong support cores or hybrids with thick comfort layers should work best.
Back Sleepers
Back sleepers are perhaps the easiest to please—they do well with the widest variety of mattresses. They need a bed that keeps their spine straight but not uncomfortably so, with a smidge of pressure-relieving ability for any areas that dig into the mattress. Medium-firm usually works best for these sleepers.
Stomach Sleepers
Us stomach sleepers need a firm bed. Otherwise, our hips may sink too far into the mattress, causing discomfort and—you guessed it—back pain.
A firm bed doesn’t necessarily mean an uncomfortable one, though. Stomach sleepers should enjoy a bed with a super-firm support core and thin (but pressure-relieving!) foam layers on top. They might even prefer sleeping without a pillow to keep their upper back and neck aligned.
Combination Sleepers
Combination sleepers switch between positions throughout the night, so they need a bed that allows them to do so with ease. The best mattresses for combination sleepers will have some bounce to them, like responsive foams or a springy coil unit.
On the other hand, beds with a thick, cushy foam top run the risk of having you feel as though you’re “stuck” in your mattress, making it difficult to change positions.
Cooling
Some folks with back pain might also sleep hot—whether it’s from all your stirring to get comfortable or just plain overheating. Regardless of the cause, the best mattresses for hot sleepers have built-in cooling elements to tackle night sweats.
For example, foam mattresses might infuse the layers with cooling gel, or use foams with larger pores to allow air to flow through the bed. Coils yield a similar result, thanks to the space between the springs. Even a moisture-wicking cover on top of the mattress can contribute to temperature regulation.
How do we test cooling?
We get pretty technical when it comes to a bed’s cooling capability. Our testers use temperature guns to measure the surface temperature of the mattress at given intervals.
First, we take the initial temperature before anyone’s been on it. Then, we lie on it for five minutes and record again. Our final temperature recording is after another five minutes. If the temperature goes up only 5 degrees or less (or not at all!), it’s a sign we’ve got a cooling bed.
This way, we’re able to see whether or not the bed can maintain a comfortable temperature, or if it sucks up and holds onto all that excess heat.
Motion Isolation
If you share the bed with a partner, you may have suffered through sleepless nights, kept up by their tossing and turning. Did you know there’s a way to combat that?
Some beds can stifle movement so it doesn’t travel to the other side of the bed, a capability we call motion isolation. All-foam beds are masters of motion isolation, but you can still get a good amount from hybrid mattresses with cushy foam layers on top.
Good motion isolation means little-to-no disturbances from partners or pets. This cushioning can also be a plus for those with back pain!
How do we test motion isolation?
We use a seismograph app to measure and monitor disturbances. Bigger waves mean more movement is being picked up, and smaller waves (or a straight line) mean little to no movement. Our testers also lie side by side on the mattress and see if they can feel each other’s movements.
Above is the recorded seismograph for the WinkBed’s motion isolation test.
Sex
Sexually active folks with back pain have to consider an extra facet when it comes to finding a good bed. The best beds for sex should have a springy surface that makes moving around relatively easy. So, maybe consider a bed with an innerspring unit and/or thinner foam comfort layers on top.
Edge Support
Edge support may not be what comes to mind when you think of back pain, but it’s a valuable asset for folks who like spreading out or need help getting in and out of bed, such as seniors.
Strong edges can make it easier to sit or lay near the perimeter of the bed. Mattresses will sometimes reinforce their edges with foam or extra coils to ensure they can bear more weight without egregious sagging.
How do we test edge support?
Our testers will sit on the edge of the bed to tie their shoes, then they’ll lay on the edge for a minute. This way, we can determine how much the edges sag and whether or not we feel secure within the mattress perimeter.
Delivery
A lesser-known consideration for mattress shopping is the delivery method, especially now that you can shop for a bed online. Most online mattresses will arrive compressed in a box, and you have to wait a few days for them to fully expand. It makes it easy to transport the bed to your room, but some folks might not want to wait to have to use their bed.
Some companies offer free white glove delivery, which means they’ll send a team to deliver and set up your mattress. Sometimes, this can also mean removing your old mattress. If you want to eliminate a lot of hassle, you might want to consider buying a bed with white glove delivery—such as the Saatva RX.
Having a team transport, unpack, and place your bed can also be very beneficial for anyone whose back pain limits their movement or lifting ability.
Which Mattress Type is Best for Back Pain?
Hybrid beds generally have the best balance of support and comfort features for addressing back pain. Therefore, all of the mattresses featured in the roundup above are hybrid beds.
That being said, the best mattress type for someone’s back pain also depends on personal preference. You may be able to find an all-foam bed that meets your needs—just make sure it keeps your spine aligned.
If you want to consider other mattress types, we’ve outlined the pros and cons of each:
Memory Foam
Memory foam beds are some of the most popular options, especially for those looking for that iconic “hugging” feeling. When it comes to back pain, though, that sink needs to be backed up by support, otherwise your spine will fall out of alignment.
Side sleepers with back pain might appreciate a memory foam mattress, as they need pressure relief the most and tend to do better with softer, cushioning beds.
Innerspring
Innerspring mattresses are the most traditional tried-and-true mattress type. They consist of a spring unit plus a thin comfort layer on top, so they tend to be great for folks who need lots of support.
Most folks with back pain may need something with a bit more cushioning, but stomach sleepers might enjoy the firmness and lift these beds can offer.
Hybrid
Hybrid beds are constructed with both an innerspring unit and multiple comfort layers. They bring the best of both worlds, so it’s no surprise that we recommend them for sleepers with back pain.
These beds have a balanced profile of lift and comfort that work for a variety of sleepers and body types. Most people with back pain should be able to find a hybrid bed that’s soft or firm enough for their needs.
Latex
Latex is derived from the sap of rubber trees and has a bouncy feel. Latex mattresses are best suited for folks who prefer a springy bed, such as combination sleepers or sexually active couples. They’re a great choice for eco-conscious shoppers, but not the most budget-friendly option.
These beds also provide a unique sort of pressure relief that can benefit folks with back pain. It’s a different feeling to memory foam, so there won’t be as much sinkage, but the buoyant nature of latex leads to a more responsive cradle.
What Causes Back Pain?
The causes of back pain are numerous and varied. Some are easily treated, while others require more involved solutions from a medical professional. If you’re experiencing back pain you’re far from alone: it’s the most prevalent musculoskeletal condition in the world, according to the WHO.³
Common physical causes range from muscle strain caused by heavy activity to complex musculoskeletal issues. Interestingly, some health experts cite stress as a culprit, as its effects on breathing could cause tension in the back.⁴
Don’t just trust our word for it. Check out this video by our Chief Medical Advisor, Dr. Raj Dasgupta, who’s been through his own journey with low back pain. In the video below, he outlines what to expect when seeking treatment for this kind of pain, as well as its causes.
Can a Mattress Cause Back Pain?
Easy answer: yes. If your mattress is poorly suited to your body type, sleeping position, or any other health or preference concerns, it can cause or exacerbate back pain.
As we’ve mentioned, spinal alignment is key. If your bed isn’t supporting your back or encouraging a neutral spine position, chances are, it’s contributing to your back pain. A bed that’s too soft can have you sinking too far, while a bed that’s too firm could prevent necessary pressure relief in crucial areas.
The solution is simple: find a bed that works with you, not against you.
Tips to Reduce Back Pain
You might be surprised to find that small lifestyle changes can help with back pain, especially ones related to your mattress or sleeping habits. These tips may help to get you on the road to recovery:
Find a mattress that works for you – If your mattress already isn’t working for you, it might be time to upgrade. Make sure to take into account all the considerations we’ve outlined above so you can choose the best mattress for you.
Get mattress accessories – Worry not, budget shoppers—you might not have to get a whole new bed. You can add pillows, toppers, or an adjustable base to change the feel of your mattress and make it more conducive to pain-free sleep. (We’ll explore this option more below!)
Improve sleep hygiene – Sleep hygiene refers to the choices you make that affect your sleep quality. Good sleep hygiene practices include keeping your room cool and dark, and making sure to turn off screens at least an hour before bed.
Relax before bed – If your back pain is linked to stress, it’s important to take a moment to calm your mind before bed. This could mean anything from doing yoga to regulating your breathing. Don’t bring things like work tasks or adrenaline-inducing movies into bed, as they can disrupt the calming environment.
Not in the market for a new mattress? No worries, you can truss up your sleeping experience with plenty of accessories to combat your back pain.
Pillows for Back Pain
Not all pillows are created equal, and there’s a chance your pillow could be doing more heavy lifting to tackle your back pain. After all, pillows can be highly useful for taking pressure off your spine.⁵
Depending on your sleeping position, you can place a pillow under areas where pressure might build up. Side sleepers might benefit from having a pillow between their legs, while back sleepers could use one to elevate and cushion their knees. Even stomach sleepers can counteract a sinking mattress with a pillow beneath their hips.⁶
Mattress toppers can change the feel of a mattress without forcing you to purchase a brand-new one. The best mattress toppers for back pain should address whatever concerns you have about your current bed.
If your bed is too firm, you can add a cushioning mattress topper; the same is true if your bed is too soft, as firm toppers exist. Mattress toppers can provide extra pressure relief or support, reviving old, sagging mattresses that aren’t getting the job done anymore.
Adjustable Bases for Back Pain
Adjustable bed frames are all the rage for their ability to turn your mattress into a smart bed, but did you know they’re becoming a popular product to address back pain? It makes sense, since folks may need to lie at an angle that their regular mattress (or a mountain of pillows) can’t provide.
An adjustable bed frame can also be a gift for folks with chronic pain who need lots of shifting. Some of the “smart” bases even offer massage settings, a more luxurious feature to address strained back muscles.
Of course, using an adjustable base for back pain should always correspond with your doctor’s treatment plan. Consult with them to learn the best postures to try and which ones to avoid, as some positions could amplify your pain.
What type of mattress should I avoid for back pain?
Avoid mattresses that don’t offer enough support to align your spine. These may be beds that are too soft (usually super-soft foam options) or cheaply made.
On the other hand, you don’t want a too-firm mattress, as the lack of pressure relief can exacerbate upper or lower back pain when the shoulders and hips aren’t sufficiently cradled..
Stick to beds with solid support units, like hybrid or innerspring beds, or memory foam beds with strong cores. Zoning in the coils or foams is also a plus, as it should help with spinal alignment.
Is it better to have a soft or firm mattress for back pain?
Generally, we recommend medium-firm mattresses for back pain, as they balance softness and support. Preferences and individual experiences being what they are, you may find that some mattresses marketed as “soft” or “firm” don’t feel that way when you test them out.
For example, a petite person might find “softer” beds too firm for their liking, and a heavier person might find that “firm” beds aren’t truly firm enough. It’s important to consider your unique needs, as it’s hard to find a one-size-fits-all bed for back pain.
Is memory foam good for your back?
It can be, but a mattress with springs is generally recommended over one that’s made entirely of foam. Memory foam is a good option for cushioning, but it’s important to have the proper support underneath.
The Bear Elite Hybrid is a wonderful bed for people with lower back pain, as it keeps the lumbar spine lifted with a zoned coil system. During testing, the team agreed that they all felt supported in this key region.
The best mattresses for lower back pain should coax the spine into its proper alignment so the lower back doesn’t sink too far or remain uncomfortably elevated. These beds usually have a medium to medium-firm feel with some pressure relief. We recommend you check out hybrid beds, as they’ll check these boxes.
What is the best mattress topper for back pain?
Mattress toppers change the feel of a mattress, so the best one for your back pain will depend on what you want from your current bed. If your mattress is too firm, you’ll probably want a softer, cushioning mattress topper. If your mattress is too soft, stick to a firmer mattress topper made of stiffer foam or latex.
Julia is the Lead Reviewer at Sleep Advisor, specializing in testing out mattresses and sleep accessories – she’s in the right line of work, because she loves to sleep.
Stomach Sleeper
References:
Caggiari, Gianfilippo., et al. “What type of mattress should be chosen to avoid back pain and improve sleep quality? Review of the literature.” Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. 2021.
Hira, Kazuhiro., et al. “Relationship of sagittal spinal alignment with low back pain and physical performance in the general population.” National Library of Medicine. 2021.
“Low back pain.” World Health Organization. June 19, 2023.
Choi, Sungwoo., et al. “Association between chronic low back pain and degree of stress: a nationwide cross-sectional study.” Nature. 2021.
Cary, Dough., Briffa, Kathy., McKenna, Leanda. “Identifying relationships between sleep posture and non-specific spinal symptoms in adults: A scoping review.” National Library of Medicine. 2019.
“Sleeping positions that reduce back pain.” Mayo Clinic. Last modified January 13, 2024.
